Method and apparatus for determining the actual location and actual movement of bodies



W. W. CONNERS. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE ACTUAL LOCATION AND ACTUAL MOVEMENT OF BODIES.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 6. I919.

Patented Oct. 24,1922.

4 SHEETSSHEET I- W. W. CONNERS.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE ACTUAL LOCATION AND ACTUAL MOVEMENT 0F BODIES.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 6, I919.

1,433Q070. Patented Oct. 24, 1922.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

W. W. CONNERS.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE ACTUAL LOCATION AND ACTUAL MOVEMENT 0F BODIES.

2M 2 93 11 rr 1% 24 1 5 Mn 0% 8 d4 0x t n m a P APPLICATION FILED IUNE 6, I9I9 Patented Oct. 24, 1922.

4 SHEET$-SHEET 4.

W. W. CONNERS.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE ACTUAL LOOATION AND AcTuAL M VEMENT 0F BODIES.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 6,1919.

kwhwEOEun m w w While I have, in my co-pending a plica tion, filed June 12, 1919, Serial Patented Oct. 24, 1922.

i3 uurralo STATES {PATENT- oFFica;

warren. w. commas, or amzapara, uaw Jansen METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE ACTUAL LOCATION AND ACTUAL a MOVEMENT OF BODIES. i

Application filed June-e, 1919., Serial No 802,320.

T a all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WALTER W. CoNnaas, a citizen of the United States, residin at Elizabeth, in the county of Union and tate of New Jersey, have invented certain'new and useful Improvements in Methods and Apparatus for Determiningthe Actual Locat on and Actual Movement of Bodies, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the transmission of intelli-' gence of certain kinds by the use of radiant energy waves transmitted from one or more than one station and received at one or more than one receiving station, being in its present form a species of radio or electro-magnetic communication. p

More particularly the invention deals with a method and apparatus for establishing the position of and controlling the movements of a fixed or movable body by electro-magnetic waves.

umber 303,753, set forth a certain manner of overcoming the knowndefects I have also, to the end of overcoming said defects, devised other methods whereof the present invention is 'one.

To this end there are objects to be subserved by this invention, all of which are of substantially equal importance irrespective of the manner and order wherein they are set forth in this specification and accompanying drawings.

One of these objects is to provide an improvedinethod of ascertaining, at a receiving station, the location of .one or more transmitting stations in direction, distance, or by a combination of both direction and distance, so that the location of the receiving station may,'from time to' time, ascertamed.

Another of these objects is to provide apparatus wherein the location in altitude of receiving station may be ascertained 8.1K may also be represented in similitude or miniature.-

A further ob ect of the invention is to provide means whereby the location and several important movement of a body equipped with a receiving statlon may be indicated by visual or other ntelligible perceptions to a person at said station.

Again, an important object of the invent1on is to provide a form of the invention wherem the distance of a receiving station from a transmitting station may be made knownr In this connection the last mentioned object 1s amplified in this invention to embrace. 1f des1red, means to indicate in similitude both the dlstance from and the angular relation between a plurality of transmitting stations and a receiving station. I

Another object of the invention is to enable the position of a receiving station, both A still further objectof the invention is' to provide means for indicating and tracin on a map, chart, profile or the like carried by a movin body the movements of said body in similitude and its location at any instant of time. As a corollary thereto an object of the invention isto provide means controlledby radiant energy from a transmitting station to move, on a map or chart of the zone traversed by a moving receiving station, an indicator over said map in conformity with the movements of the receivin station.

et another object of this invention is to provide means wherebyradiant energy from transmitting stations may be utilized'to afford, at areceiving station, measurements of the ratio of the ener transmitted from respective stations an thereby indicate or record the position of said receivin station.

In apparatus of this class wherem the distances of one station from other transmitting stations is measured in terms of the uantity of energy received at the first stahim, it is necessar that the energy transmitted by each 0% said transmitting stationsshall be comparable and should beregulated to keep the ratio of energy trans--- mitted by, said stations uniform. A ninth impcrtant-gbjectfof the invention is to provide means to regulate the energy transmitted from the transmitting stations automatically.

A tenthobject of the invention is to p ro-' vide means on a body carrying a recelvin station for controlling the movements o said body both in altitude and geographimg. the direction and rate of movement of cally. I

An eleventh object of the invention is to provide means for determining and indicata body carrying a receiving station on said bod y- A twelfth object of the invention is to provide means, at a receiving station on a moving body, for controlling the movements of said body both geographically and with res ect to altitude.

thirteenth object of the invent1on is to provide means for indicating automatically the position in altitude, of an air ship or the like when traveling over land with respect and specifically claimed.

l part of this specification.

which the air ship is at 'bly of details hereinafter fully described,

illustrated. in the accompanying drawings.

Attention is called to the 'fact that throughout the disclosure herein certain instruments and other circuits are shown typically and without am lification or the provision of relays or ot er means which may be proper or sufficient current. Such means as amplifying or relay circuits or other like appurtenances are well known and are :to

be understood as present wherever necessary to'properly efi'ect the pur ose desired.

rawings forming In theaccompanying like characters of reference indicate like parts in the several views; and

v at

Figure 1 isa diagrammatic view showing the special apparatus for emittlng a directive wave as may be used at a sending station.

Fig, 2 is'a diagramamtic view of a pair of directive transmitting stations showing in general the use of the apparatus Fig. 3 is a wiring-diagram disclosing a form of apparatus suit-able for use at a receiving station in connection with this invention.

F 4 is a wiring diagram showing the a and. B. This w i 1 necessary in practice to provide arrangement of the crcuits at two transmittinlgstations and a control station. I.

0&1 5 is a wiring diagram showing a m 1 -F1g. 6 v's a detail sectional view. showing a form of shifting contact which maybe used in connection with certain resistance elements.

Fig. 7 is a. view similar to Fig. 6 but at right angles thereto.

ig. 8 1s a perspective view showing a 'simihtude board suitably arranged for use as art of this invention. A

ig. 9 is a diagram showing a modificatioIn employing a double radiating antenna.

n t sumed, for the sake of convenience, that the transmitting stations are geographically fixed points, as say A and B, and that the receiving station is located on an air shi such as an aeroplane or dirigible C. It wi also be-assumed that the control station is at a third fixed point D and that this point is eauidistant from the points A and B.

hile this assumption is thus made it is to be noted that the transmitting stations 'may be at geographically movable points suc as on board .of vessels, and that the control station may also be movable and need not necessarily be equidistant from the transmitting stations since the arrangements may be readily made by the introduction of suitable resistance in certain of thecircuits to cause the controlling apparatus ,to function properly even-when the cont'rolis not e uidistant from stations be fully apparent as the explanation of the a aratus' and its operation is developed. oreover, it will also becomeapparent that the receiving staling station cation of the apparatus as used at a re-' ceiving station.

e present specification it will be astionmay be on a vessel on the water when the apparatus is used merely for obtaining geographic positions, or may be on a land vehicle or at a fixedpoint, as fori'nstance when making a topographic survey.

In so far as concerns thetransmitting apparatus at the transmitting stations A and.

B which is used to radiate waves to the receiving station C, this apparatus may be of any of the many forms commonlyused for such purposes with certain modifications. In other words the transmitting apparatus may contain any of the well known details of keys, spark gaps and the like in addition to the special devices or arrangements required' for the purposes of this invention. It is not deemed necessary to describe or show the ordinaryapparatus for this purpose, but it is thoug show and describe those features which are peculiar to this invention or are essentially associated therewith.

One essential feature of this sending apt necessary only to paratus isa means for emitting a directive wave or beam and to accomplish this result the directive wave apparatus 1llustrated in the patents to Bellini and Tosi, Nos. 943,960 and 948,086 and particularly the arrangement shown in the former patent may be used for the purpose of emitting a wave or beam in planes which are at an angle to the plane of the horizon the apparatus may be of the form therein illustrated, with the axis of the dirigible aerials vertical but for the purpose of obtaining altitude indications the axis otthe dirigible aerials must be horizontal and it is.pre-

ferred that the device take a form similar to that shown in the present drawings at Fig. 1. In this view it will be noted that there is provided the fixed coils 10 and movable coil 11 arranged as in the Bellini and Tosi patent, and that the dirigible aeria-ls consist of two closed oscillation circuits 12 of triangular shape and two other similar cir-.

cuits 13, the circuits 12 and 13 being each of triangular shape and arranged with the bases of circuits 12 opposing the bases of circuits 13 in position. With the device in this position and arranged in this manner, if the coil 11 be properly supplied with current and rotated on its horizontal axis a directive wave will be emitted which will follow the movements of the coil 11. As,

for instance, if the coil 11, start from a po-' sition parallel to the plane of the horizon and be revolved to a zenithal position the directivewave will pass from' a sition of 0 to the horizontal to 90 to the or'iz'ontal. If now an airplane or other receiving sta 'tion C lie in the path of this wave suitable CBA can also be determined. Since we have the distance betweenthe stations A l and B established we have one side and two adjacent angles of a triangle which enables the triangle to *be solved and the vertical distance from the point C to the horizontal' line obtained. I

With these essential facts it is true that the angle may be solved by calculation but under the present invention such calculation, with its attendant 'factor of human error and time necessary for calculation, is

eliminated, all the necessary data being obtained automatically.

In like manner, if the station C be a moving station two triangles may be. obtained of the station C from and solved and thus the rate of movement point to point be shown.

tions at the receiving station C, apparatus such as is typically shown at Fig. 3 may be employed. In this form of receiving apparatus there is employed an antenna 16 which is-connected in; series to a variable condenser 17, the primary 18 of a transformer coil and a ground 19. Shunted around the condenser 17 are the variable reactances 20. This forms the open oscillating circuit of the receiving apparatus. At 21 is a secondar in which current is induced by the action of the current passing throughthe primary 18. This secondary forms part of an amplifier and has one ter- In order to obtain the required indicaminal connected to the grid G of an audion battery 23 is in the-line connecting the coil 21 with one terminal of the primary 25 through the line battery 26. At 27 is a transformer secondary wherein current is induced by thecurrent flowing through the primary 25. One terminal 'of this secondary 27 is connected through inductance 28 to a condenser 29 which is in turn connected to the grid G of an audion 30 which is providedv with the usual filament F and plate P. In this circuit there are also provided the usual filament; battery 31 and main battery 32 connected in the usual and well known manner. Also the circuit is provided with a variable condenser 33 shunted across the connections from the terminals of the secondary 27 and a variable resistance 34 is shunted around the condenser 29. The plate P of this audion is connected to one terminal of an inductance primary 35, the other terminal being connected to thebattery 32 as usual.

ed from the primary 35 and this secondary has one terminal connected to a magnet 37 At 36 is an inductance secondary energiz-- the other terminal being also, but variablyconnected to said magnet. Thus the number' of ampere turns about the magnet 37 may be controlled, A condenser 62 is shunted across the terminals of magnet 37 in order to properly energize the magnet. Moreover if the current obtained in the secondary 36 is not sufiicient to operate the magnet efi'ectively, additional amplifying means or relays may be added as can be readidly understood, .or. the secondary 36 may be used. as illustrated and described in my co-pending application, filed June 12, a

1919, and bearing the Serial Number 303,- 753, to cause operation of a coherer controlled local circuit.

For the purpose of convenience in describing the operation of the device, the amplifying circuit just described and includ- 4 ing all the elements between the secondary 27 and magnet 37 will be referred to as the am Iifying circuit A.

respective circuits being tuned for the proper reception of said wave lengths. It is also to be understood that the antenna circuit and first audion or valve circuit are loosely tuned so as to receive certain wave lengths, the selective effect being accomplished by the circuits'A and A".

It is the intent that the sendin station which controls the two magnets 37 and 38 shall transmit waves of two different :characteristics,say of 1200 and 1800 meters length respectively. It is also intended that one of said waves shall be a uniformly radiating wave and shall be emitted at the time the other wave, which is a directive wave or beam. passes a predetermined point in its rotation. This point may be taken when the directive wave is in its horizontal or its vertical position or any other position desired. Moreover there"wi ll be a gap or hiatus in the directive wave for part of its revolution (sayone half), which may be obtained by suitably designing the commutator rings 39 of Fig. 1 to allow the brushes to engage the conductive part of the rings only for the period in which the wave is desired, the rings being partly of conductive and partly of insulating material for this purpose. This gap will thus prevent interference of the two waves and will also prevent the magnet controlled by the directive wave from being influenced twice during eachrevolution of the directive wave.

For example, let it be assumed that the uniformly radiating wave is 'of 1200 meters length and the directive wave of 1800 meters. Also suppose the uniformly radiating wave be emitted as the directive wave starts {to sweep through the are extending from .its vertical to its horizontal position. They'circuit A being tuned to 1200 meters and the circuit A to 1800 meters then at the time of emission of the uniformly radiating wave the ma et -37 will be momentarily energized. lso, as the directive wave moves across the receiving net 38 will be momentaril ener Next to be considered will be by which the actions of these two waves, in energizing the res' ctive magnets, are utilized to obtain in ormation regarding the position of the receiving station C.

Between the two magnets is an armature 40 oscillating between contacts 41. and 42 connected to respective sides of a ratio alvanometer or the like 43 through varia le resistances 44'. By ratio galvanometer, as used in this connection, is meant an instrument of special character de ed to indicate the ratio of the current owing from the batter 45 during the times when circuit 1s closed. respective contacts 41 and 42. 'Thus this instrument will indicate the ratios between the times when the res tive' magnets 38 ,and 37 are energized.

mature in series are'the battery 45 and middle terminal or binding post of the lvanometer 43. The galvanometer arm 18 extended to engage a variable resistance bar or trough 46 and is connected though a variable resistance 47 and battery 48 to a galvanometer 49, In like manner the trough or bar is connected to one side of the galva- 0 means tween the armature 49 and theonnected to the ar-- station the magnometer. At 50is a similitude box having arms 51 and 52 pivoted to places representing stations A and B. Carried by the arm 51 is an arcuate resistance bar 53 which is connected to the galvanometer 49... Engag ing this arcuate bar 53 is a contact and brake 54 connected to (the galva'nometer 49 through.

the battery 48. Wheatstone bridge is formed which proper adjustment of the resistances 47, and 53, ma be-balanced.

It will circuits A and A that these circuits cause the arm of the 'galvanometer 43 to vary in position in a certain definite ratio with the By this means a form of e seen from the description of angular relation between the horizontal and a llne passing through the transmitting and receiving stations. Consequently the resistance in the bar 46 ,will also vary as the angle above mentioned varies, this being determined by the ratio between the times of energization of .the magnets 38 and 39.

The alvanometer is provided with an extended hand or pointer 55 which oscillates between contacts 56 and 57 connected to 'respectivesides of a reversible motor 58, the hand being connected to the motor through the battery 59. By means of a gear 60 and arcuate rack 61the'motor will cause the resistance 53 to bev movedjback or "forward under the contact 54. If the sides A I will cause movement of the hand or pointer 55 tolengage oneof the contacts. .6 or 57 and this in turn will actuate the motor 58 to rotate the arm 51 in the proper direction until balance is restored, whereupon the arm or pointer 55 will move to neutral posltlon and there remain until the balance is again disturbed. Since the hand of the galvanometer 43 moves over its bar 16 proportionately to the angle traversed by the directive wave from vertical to alinement with the receiving station, the angle between the vertical position of the arm 51 and its final position when the motor 58 ceases, for the time, to operate will be equal to the angle traversed by the directive wave and the arm 51 Will thus indicate the direction of the straight line passing through stations A and C.

It will be noted that wherever the -:term

directive wave is used, in relation to its angular position or its movement, the center or line of greatest-intensity of said wave is referred to,.in otherwords, the plane or line passing through the middle of the wave is what is referred to.. Moreover, allowance is always made for any deflection of this wave or beam caused by any outside means as it sweeps over its predetermined arc. Again, in the example just concluded it is assumed that no interference takes place in the directive wave or beam.' It is, however,

to'be understood that such interference may take place, due to deflection or distortion of the directive wave by earth currents, lag or other extraneous electric or magnetic causes and the effects of such causes with their attendant inaccuracies, and errors must be overcome by properly adjusting the receiv ing instruments or thesending instruments, according to the cause and the errors or other effects produced.

At the receiving station there ma also be a duplicate of the apparatus just escribed including loosely tuned antenna and first audion circuits 'as well as amplifying circuits A and A tuned to receive wa'ves'from station B, say of 3000 and 4000 meters wave length. and controlling the arm 52 just as the circuits A and A control the arm 51. Thus the intersection of the two arms will in similitude, give the position of the receiving station and, by suitable indications on -the similitude board 50 such as altitude levels, the height of said station C above a desired datum line such as sea level or'the surface of the earth, or the like.-

It will-also be obvious that the directive waves may be caused, as .in my co-pending' application, above noted, to revolve about vertical axes and the geographical position of the receiving station obtained.

It will be noted that the condenser 62 is bridged across the terminals of the magnets thus permitting, in the circuit tuned for the uniformly radiating wave, a telephone 63 to one or more directive be included so as to enable the'signals emitted at the starting of theoperating cycle (the entry of the directive wave lilte the predetermined arc of position determlnm movement) to be determined audibly an thus afford a checkon the operation of the instruments at the receiving station.

In-the form of apparatus which has. just been described the position of the receiving station is determined through the action of will now consider a form wherein the relative-intensities or quantities of electric ener- -more points between them. Further, to do this in a simple manner it is necessary that the effective intensities emitted should be equal in order to eliminate the ratio factor lwtween the two emitted intensities. To effect this the apparatus disclosed in Fig. 4 has been invented and in this. figure there is disclosed the apparatus at the two stations A and B as well as that at the controlling station D.. Each of the sending stations is provided with a source of current ves or beams. We

such as a high frequency generator 70- con- V ne'cte'd to a transmitting circuit 72 here indicated as of the elementary form although this circuit will naturally be of more improved arrangement, the present indication being merely typical of any such circuit. The generator 7 0 is of the type having a direct current exciter on the same shaft so that by shifting the brushes .of the exciter the rate of emission of the emitted waves can be regulated by the adjustment of such brushes 71. The circuit is supplied with the usual antenna 73. Thus by properly adjusting these brushes at each station the rate energy is radiated from the respective antennae can be regulated. It is obvious that this regulation of energy may be controlled by suitable measuring instruments at the stations A and B, but such equality will not be the effective equality at a polnt intermediate the two stations owing to the extraneous effects of.

earth currents, static, the atmospheric condition, and other interference.

For the .pur oseof controlling the energy output of stations A and B one or more intermediate controlling or measuring stations" are rovided,-one controllin and measuring station being indicated at revolve inductance s, the

' 89, 90, 91 and 92,.formi antennae should be' employed, a sing commutator.

At the station D, which for the moment is assume to be uldistant from the stations A and there 1s provided a receiving antenna 74 which is connected to a contact 75. At 76 is a commutator arranged to be engaged b the contact '7 5 and to be constantly by some suitable ap ratus here typified by the shaft, pulley and 1t 77. En-

aging the commutator are the contacts 78, te commutator being one half of conducting and the other half of insulating material, and these contacts78 are arranged diametrically apposite each other on the ese contacts are variably connected to the primaries 79 of the usual pair ofopen oscillating circuits which op-.

erate alternately so that the waves emanat-- ing from stations A and B are alternately received for equal or comparable time intervals, the transmitting circuits at these-eta tions and the receiving circuits being suitably tuned to effect distinction between such waves. The secondary of each inductance, whereof 79 is the primary, forms art of an amplifying circuit such as has n pre-'- viously described in connection with the directive wave apparatus so that it is not here necessa to repeat the details of such circuit. ese two circuits are therefore indicated in general as A and A and are connected to the two sides of a ratio galvanometer 81 of suitable form and construction. This meter is provided with an extended hand 82 arranged to engage the adjustable contacts 83 an controlling station B. Batteries 87 and 88 eacli have a terminal connected to the hand 82. .Connectedto the contacts 83, 84, 85, and 86 respectively are the induction coils parts of transmit ting circuits here only ndicated typically as at 93. The induction coils 89 an 91 are connected to the transmitting aerial 94 while the coils 90 and-92 are connected to the aerial 95.. v

While the three aerials or antennae74,

94, and 95 are here shown as separate, it is.

to be understood that it is not essential or even, in most cases, desirable that separate e antenna being suflicient, t e showing here being employed for the sake of illustrating the 'operataon more clearly and without confusion of the circuits.

At each of the stations A and B there is" provided a receiving aerial or antenna 96 and this, like the antennae at the station D, may be identical. with the antenna 73, .being, as in.,the former instance, shown as arately to revent confusion. Each station A and,B as this receiving antenna inductively connected to selective multiplex amplirimaries being suitably .grounded at 80. us there .is formed a 84 for controlling station A' and the adjustable contacts 85 and 86 for fying circuits A? and A", including the magnets 97 and 98 controlling the armature lever 99 vibrating between the contacts 100 and 101. The armature lever is connected to the central terminal of a reversible motor 102 through the batte 103, while the contacts are connecte to the side termithe antenna 74 will receive such waves and through the amplifying circuitsA' and A the meter 81 wil 7 towards the {aft and engage the contacts and 86 and hus close circuits through the .induction coils91 and 92, causing waves to be emanated from the antennae 94- and 95.

cause the hand 82 'to move The coils and the am lifyin circuits A and A are so tuned t at eac the production of waves of a certain distinci tive length at the respective transmitting stations. This in turncauses closure of the circuits through the motors 102 so that the brushes 71' are moved thereb to decrease the quantity of energy emitte fromstation A and increase the quantity of'energy emitted from station. B. This action continues until the waves received by the antenna 74 are equal in ener ,whereupon the hand .82 resumes its centra position and action of the motors ceases, to be resumed onlywhen the energy received -'from the stations A and B at D-areagain unbalanced. Of course un-- balance in the opposite manner causes opposite movement of the brushes and opposite results. Thus the ener in the waves emitted by statinosA and I will be conof the variance in local .conditions between coil causes stations A and D and between stations B and D, that they will be effectively-equal at D. We will now consider the apparatus used at the. receiving station C .to detect and utilize the. waves of equal efl'ective intensities emanating from stations A :and B.

binding the prima 114 of a second inducwavcs from stations A and B, in-. I

tance.- The secon ary 115 of this inductanceforms part of-two amplif 'ng circuits A and A which are in genera of the t of the circuits previously described-but ffer therefro m m that the audion grids are connected to the secondary 115 through a occasioned by reasonrof the fact that theamount of ener constantly revolving commutator 116 so that for one half the time of operation the plifying circuits thus formed controls the action of a ratio galvanometer or the llke 118, provided with a hand 119 traversing a rcsistance 120 or the like.

It is, of course, to be understood that the distances from the respective transmitting stations A and B control the position of the hand 119 and consequently the effective length of the resistance bar 120. This is received bythe antenna 110 varies roug y with the square of the distance from the transmitting station. In cons uence a variation of position in statim with respect to stations A and B will cause variation of the balance of the Wheatstone bridges which will only be equalized when the arms 123 are moved to restore the balance, such movement being the equivalent in similitude to the movement of the station 0.

It is well known that the energy required to transmit electro-ma netic waves varies from time to time (as rom day to day) in accordance with varying conditions. It is necessary, therefore, to vary the resistance of the resistance bar so that the ener received by station C at a definite point is ual independently of varying conditions. T ischang'e of resistance is best accomplished by providing several bars and introducing the proper one forthe conditions as observed by suitable means.

if Each resistance forms the resistance memher in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge having a ratio galvanometer like the galvanometer 43 and, though not shown, which may be similarly arranged-as in the first case or there may be provided a similitude board 122 having arms 123 which are pivotall and slidably arranged on theboard, the siding movement bein controlled by motors 124. These arms sli e under contacts and brake through the battery 126 so that the arms 123 form the resistance elements of the balancing arms ofthe Wheatstone bridge. Thus when the bridge is thrown out'of balance by the movement 'of the hand 119 of the respective circuit, the hand of the brid e galvanometer 127 will enga e one or t e other of the contacts 128 an close a circuit through the battery 129 and motor 124, just as in the previous case. The motor will thus continue to operate until balance has been restored by the lengthening or shortening of the effective resistance length of the respec tive arm 123 when the galvanometer hand will assume the zero position and break the motor'circuit. Since the points relatively representing stations A and B on the similitude board are fixed and the arms 123 pivotally connected by a slider 130 there will thus be obtained a triangle whereof the three sides are known and the apex of this triangle will, in similitude, represent the location of station C. a v

It has been assumed that the station D is located midway between or equidistant front stations A and -B. This is not essential. Station D may be at any desired point as it is merely necessary to introduce resistance on the side of the nearerstation to the proper amount totheoretically produce balance between the efi'ective action of'the waves received from stations A and B at station D.

Thisefi'ect may also be obtained by proper adjustment of the meter 81 so that the normal position of the hand will be intermediate the contacts. I

by properly arranging connections as, for

instance, b connecting the two filaments of the audi'ons in Fig. 5 to a common filament battery. In other instances provision may be made for detecting variations due to the individual equation in certain instruments. Fordnstance, in Fig. 5., it .will be seenthat the connections to the meters 118 may be connected to a double reading volt ammeter 131, a switch 132 being employed so as to enable either.meter 118 to be compared with the meter 131 thus ensuring detection of any discrepancies in the action of the meters 118. v

Attention is called to the fact that, while the motors 102 are shown as controlling brushes on A. C. generators in Fi 4, it can be readily understood that various other mean s-'(as for instance solenoids may be employed to regulate the current in circuits 72 so that the means shown is only to be taken as typical'of some suitable means for the purpose.

Also the condenser and spark gap can likewise be regulated in the same manner as the brushes are regulated, thereby controlling the intensity and potential of the radiated waves.

In the apparatus just described there exists certain difliculties in use, since there isconstant change in the transmittive action of the region between any two points due to changes in static, earth currents, atmospheric conditions, etc. These changes are essentially in the nature of fluctuations'r'ather than ern'ianent changes or changes lasting a considerable time exce t the difi'erences between day and night. has the total quantity of current received by station from a station such as A is for a time period of reasonable length (say thirty seconds), thesame for practical purposes as the current received in thenext or any other like period,

' while station C maintains its relative position with respect to station A. To this end it is necessary that means should be provided at station D for. controlling the total uantities of electricity emitted by stations and B.

.To check the accuracy of the above apparatus and to effect such control 'there is provided at station D recording wattmeters 133 of proper size and calibration to indi-' cate the total power received at station D from each of said stations A and B. These meters are preferably of the integrating duced by the proper waves. It is therefore to be understood that the meters 133 may be 7 in amplifying circuits, although these circuits are not shown in the drawing for the sake of simplicity. The circuits, wherein the wattmeters 133 are interposed, are tuned to receive thewaves from the respective sta tions and the hand134 of each meter rotates over a contact bar 135 which is conneeted to a battery 136 while the hand 134 itself has connection with a magnet also in circuit with the battery. These magnets are arranged on opposite sides of the hand 82 so as to attract the same in one direction or the other and thus whichever magnet exercises the greater force (due to the greater quantity of current) will attract the hand 82, assisting and checking the action of the meter 81. This in turn affects the action of the generators at stations A and B as previously described so that the combined'factors of quantity of current .emitted and its intensity remain submantially constant for each selected time period.

. Moreover, the station C 5) is provided with a voltmeter 138'and amrneter 139 the quantity 0 which can be observed by the operator from. time to time to obtain a check on the action of said station. .These meters may, of course, be on amplifying circuits.

For the purpose of permitting the ebservers at the sending stations to have a knowledge of the power emitted, a watt meter 140 may be connected to the trans-. mitting a'ntenna and areceiving antenna 141 having connection with a similar a'mmeter or wattmeter 1'42 may be employed at each station to record the amount of energy in the a 1r. Thus far it has been assumed that each same character,the receiving stations being provided with directive antennae so that the waves from the sending stations are received alternately. Such an arrangement would be particularly adaptable to navigation ofi a coast where the two sending and the receiving stations would not come into alinement. I

With the complete a paratus' fordetermining the position of t e receiving station by intensity and quantity it will be seen that the middle or re lating station D has the function of hol ing the waves radiating from distant stations A and B to a common standard or at least to a comparable standard, the total energy-recording. wattmeters regulating the total amount of energy transmitted by each of stations A- and B-m each predetermined time interval so that the amounts transmitted are equal-or in a fixed ratio so as to be comparable.

As above said, throughout the apparatus.

which has been described, it is to be noted that certain resistance bars are used such as the elements 46, 53, 120 and 123, and it is to be observed that these bars can be changed to suit varying conditions of intensity and quantity of current, such changes being made in accordance with the re uirements either as indicated by suitab e instruments at the station in which the bars are to be changed or as si other station. Care shou d be taken in determining the proper resistance bars to use electricityr unit of time at both the transmittin an middle stations so that fluctuations o the waves will not mislead into the use of the wrong bar. In this connection -the wattmeters in the transmitting stations, which give the total watts, are of at value. 1 Whi 0 it has been heretofore assumed that the operation of the sending stations, and

alled from some consequently of .the receiving stations, is

continuous, it is not necessary that this'be so. On the contrary it. is plain that the operation may be discontinuous, the sending or transmitting stations operating for certain definite time eriods interrupted by other definite time intervals. Of course it will be ecessary with such an arrangement that the wave periods synchronize at all stations and beequal in length and also the intervals should be equal in length.

Caution must be observed in connection with the use of intensity or quantity methods, since the angularity of the lines passing through the sending and receiving stations varies with the altitude of the latter and consequently the distance may vary between the receiving stationand the sending stations irrespective of the geographical position of 20 i It is to be remembered that. the directive wave method acts on the principle of the solution of a triangle when one side and its ad .jacent angles are known, while the other 7 method depends on the three sides of a triangle being known or' determined. This is true because the intensities vary inversely as the distance the receiving station is from the fixed stations and since we have a fixed distance between the fixed or sending stations and a determinable ratio between the other two sides of the triangle, that is to say between the distances from respective sending stations, we practically determine the three sides of the triangle. The combination of the two methods can be obtained by using two sending. stations and a receiving station,

the position (and consequently the distance from each sending station) being obtained by the" action of the intensity or amount of electricity and one directive wave or beam being used to obtain the angle. This we have two sides and the included angle to afiord the solution of the triangle and consequently can determine the altitude.

In connection with this apparatus it is preferred to use a special form of siinilitude board which is a combination of boards for both altitude and geographical positions, such boards being clearly shown in Fig. 8. In this figure the horizontal board or map. board is shown as operated by the intensity or quantity method and corresponds-to the board 122 of Fig. 5 and being indicated at above described .in crossi n points as in the caseof amail route or the like, and for landing when ground or sur- 122, the other board using the directive wave method and corresponding to the board 50 of F1 3 and being indicated at 50. A-slight modi cation is shown in the manner of moving the hands or pointers 52 in this form,

a straight rack 150 replaces the segment 61 of Fig. 3, the eifect bein the same. The arms 51 and 52 are provided, like the arms 123, with a pivoted slider 151'common to both arms so that the position of the slider 151 indicates the position in altitude of the station C while the position-of the slider 130 indicates the geographical position of said station. Moreover, each slider will be the same distance, laterally, from the respective stations so that one slider will act as a check on the other. Since the two sliders move laterally in unison, it is possible to connectthem by suitable meansto enable the altitude to be read with respect to anygeographical position of station C. To effect this, the slider 151 carries a horizontal arm 152 extending over the board 122 and provided with a slider 153 wherethrough extends a vertical scale bar 154, having proper altitude divisions marked thereon, the slider 153 bemg provided with a-suitable index or datum .line' to enable proper readings to be made.

Thus thelaltitude at any particular geo griaphical position'can be directly read.

quently it is desirable and at times essential that the distance of an airplane above the ground be known as,'for instance, a mountain range between two roundings are not visible. For this purpose a detachablecontour strip 154' may beprovided, the upper edge forming a cam surface over which moves a; roller 155 carried on the bottom of a scale bar 156 which asses slidably throu h the slider 151, the being provided with a suitable index and the scale bar being provided with divisions giving the height. Thus, as the slider moves across the similitude board 50, the roller 155 travels along the edge of the contour strip and the bar 156' rises and falls in accordance with the elevation of the ground, the position of the slider being, in similitude, that of the iliirpllane above the datum such as the sea eve Again, a scale bar 157 may be attached to the slider 151 and have an inverted scale thereon, some suitable line as the top of the board being used for the index. This scale bar may also'have the lower end connected to an ammeter 158, the ammeter being connected througha battery 159 to a contact 160 wherewith t e bar 157 has sliding enga ement. The ammeter itself has an e'xten ed hand 161 traversing a series of contacts 162 so that circuits may be closed to send signals indicating the height of the airplane to a distant station, or other uses.

atter This bar 157 may also pam through a slider 163 carried on a bar 164 at the upper edge of the board 50, the slider carryinga I speedometer 165 or other like device actuated by the rising and falling movements of the slider 151 and being properly scaled and geared to indicate the rate of rise and fall of 'the airplane. Moreover, the s ometer may, i desired, have its han arranged Jo engage one or more contacts and close circuits either for the purpose of givli c dl movement is approached, when making sudden adi'ndzments to prevent such excesand for like urpose.

Similarly a ometer 166 may also be carried by a slider 167 moved verticall as the airplane'rises or falls by a rod 168 ed to the slider 151, a suitable counterbalance 169 being provided.

Also the slider 151 may be connected through a battery 170 to motors 171 arranged to run in opposite directions and con- 'nected to control bars 172 between which the slider 151 moves. These motors may be connected to the vertical steering gear of theairplanesothatthe lanemaybe caused to travel between certain predeterlmined altitudes since any movement above or below such altitudes will result in a circuit being completed which may be used for any purpose such as moving the vertical rudder to cans movement of the airplane away from the limiting altitude.

Of course the lateral ometer could be provided with the usua totalizing or integrating arrangement to indicate the total' eration of the airplane from the sending stations by deliberately alter adjustments so as to 'cause (false action 0 the receiving apparatus. For instance altitude indications could be sent out that would cause the position taken by the slider 151 to simulate a higher position for the airplane than its true altitude. This. if the contact bars 172 were in service, could cause downward movement of the airplane, since contact would be made with the u per bar b the slider and the ai lane ru der mov to deflect the plane ownwardly. Also this could be accomplished by varying the rate of energy alarm signals when execs rate of verradiated without correspondingly changing the resistance bars thus alterin the course of a ship or the like even thong the course has been predeterminedly set on such ship. That this may be done will-be understood when it is considered that an increase in the rate of energy radiation at a station without changing the resistance bar to agree therewith has the efiect of causing more ener to be received at the shi station C so that 1t is apparently nearer to t e station increasing its rate of energy transmission than the true distance. In hke manner a decrease in energy radiation makes the ship station appear further from the radiating station so that, in each indzance, the automatic convso trolling apparatus at the ship receiving station is brought into play.

Figs. 6 and 7 show a form of resistance that is peculiarly adapted to-this apparatus wherein small vibrations or fluctuations should be eliminated. To this end the resis, tance takes the form of a-conducting liquid 173 held in a non-conducting trough 174, a filamentous contact 175 dipping into the residance from the instrument hand 176. Thus the viscosity of the resistance fluid dampens the movement of the contact 175 and prevents it vibrating with the hand 176.

A further modification of the invention is shown at Fig. 9. In this modification but one transmitting station is necessary, this station, as A, being provided with two sets of antennae 180 an 181, divergently arranged- It is well known that an antenna of the character shown propagates wavesv which are strongest in line with the antenna and gradual] weaken on either side, such waves being diagrammatically indicated by the dotted lines whereof lines 182 and 183 are the respective center lines along which the waves are strongest. Thus with a receiving ation at C equipped to measure the intensity or quantity ratios of the waves emanating the respective antennae the ratios of thelines C182 and C183 can be determine'd. Such apparatus is well known and need not here be described. The station Cis also equippedwith the n 20:. ap aratus for determining the distance I so that with these factors known the position C is determined.

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed as new is 1 1. That method of ascertaining the position of a receiving station with respect to a plurality of transnitting stations emitting radiant energy which consists in measuring the ratio of the energies received from said transmitt' stations, indicating said ratios in similitu e on a suitably prepared surface and thereby determining said position.

2. That method of ascertaining the position of the receiving station with respect to a plurality of transmitting stations emitting radiant energy which consists in measuring the ratios of the ener received from said transmitting stations, indicating angularly disposed lines having said ratios on a map or chart showing in siinilitude the transmitting stations and the field of travel of the receivingstation, said indicatinglines terminating at the representations of the transmitting station pomts. I

3. That method of ascertaining the position of a receiving station with respect to a plurality of transmitting stations emitting radiant ener which consists in measuring the ratio of t e energies received from said transmitting stations, determining the angular relation of a line passing through said receiving station and a transmitting station and a-datumline passing through said t-rans mitting station, indicating lines having said ratios and angular relation in similitude on a proper chart or map and thereby determining said position.

4. In a system of the class described, a plurality of transmitting stations arranged to propagate waves of radiant ener and provided each with means to regulate t e energy propagated, :a-controlling station having means to receive said waves, means at the controlling station actuated by the differences in the energies received from the transmittingv stations and arranged to effect propagation of controllin waves, and means at the transmitting stations to receive the controlling waves and thereby operate theener regulatin means.

5. I n a systen'l of the class described. a

plurality of transmitting stations arranged to propagate waves of radiant energy and provided each with means to regulate'the energy propagated, a controlling station having means to receive said waves and including an instrument to detect lack of balance in the energy received fromrespectiveatransmittin stations, transmitting circuits at the contro ling station arranged to cause propagation of controlling waves from said controlling station, circuit closing means for said circuits controlled by the instrument, and means at the transmitting stations to receive the controlling waves and thereby operate the energy controlling means.

6. In a system of the class described, a plurality of transmitting stations e'acharrangcd to propagate waves .of radiant energy and provided-each with means to regulate the en.- ergy propagated, a controlling station hav-' ing means to receive said waves and including an instrument to detect fluctuations from a predetermined ratio in the average energy received at said receiving station-and totalizing means to detect variation in the ratio of the total energy receivedfrom said trans-- mitting stations, transmitting circuits at the controlling station arranged to cause propagation of controlling waves from said controlling station, circuit closing' means for said transmitting circuits controlled by the instrument and totalizing means, and means at the transmitting station to receive the controlling waves and thereby operate the energy controlling means and. cause efi'ectlve malntenance of said predetermined energy ratio.

.'(,In a system of the class described, a

plurality of transmittingsta'tions arranged to propagate waves of radiant energy and provided each \vitlrmeans to regulate the energy propagated, 'a controlling station having means to receive said waves, means at the controlling statio n. actuated by the differences in, the energies received from the transmitting stations and arranged to effeet propagation of controlling waves, means at the transmitting stations to receivethe propagate waves of radiant energy and provided each with means to regulate the energy propagated, a controlling station having means to receive said waves and'including an instrument to detect lack of balance in the energy received from respective transmittin stations,'transmitting circuits at the contro ling station arranged'to cause propagation of controlling waves from said controllin station, circuit closing means. for said circuits controlled by the; instrument,

means at the transmitting stations to receive.

the controlling waves and thereby operate the energy controllingmeans. a motile receiving station, and means at the receiving stationto determine the ratio of the energies received from the transmitting stations.

9. In a system of the class described. a

plurality of transmitting stations 'each ar-- ranged to propagate waves of radiant energy and: provided each with means to-regulate the energy. propagated, a controlling station 1 having means to receive said waves and includlng an instrument to detect fluctuations from a predetermined ratio in the averageenergies received at said receiving station and totalizing means to detect. variation in the ratios of the total energies received from said transmitting stations, transmitting circuits at the cont-rolling station arranged to cause propagation of controlling waves from said controlling station, circuit elosing means for said transmitting circuits controlled by the instrument and totalizing means, means at the transmitting station to receive the controlling wavesand thereby operate the energy controlling means and cause effective maintenance of said predetermined energy ratio, a motile receiving station, and means at the receiving station to determine the ratio of the energies received from the transmitting stations.

10. In a system of the class described, a plurality of transmitting stations arranged to propagate waves of radiant energy and provide each with' means to regulate the energy propagated, a controlling station having means to receive said waves, means to propagate waves of radiant energy and provide each with means to regulate the energy propagated, a controlling station aving means to receive said waves and including an instrument to detect lack of bal ance in the energy received from respective receive the controlling waves and thereby transmitting stations, transmittin circuits at the controlling station arrange to cause propagation of controlling waves from said controlling station, circuit closing means for said circuits controlled by the instrument, means at the transmitting stations to Operate the energy controlling means, a motile receiving station, means at the receiving station to determine the ratio of the energies received from the transmitting stations, and integrating means,at said receiving stationarranged ,to integrate the energy ratio determinations and thereby afford ositional indications in similitude.

12. n a system of the class described, a

plurality of transmitting stations each arranged to propagatewaves of radiant energy and provided each with means to regulate the energy propagated, a controlling station having vmeans to receive said waves and iiicluding an instrument to detect fluctuations from a predetermined ratio in the average energies received at said receiving station and totalizing means to detect variation in the ratios of the total energies'received from said transmitting stations,'transmitti'ng circuits at the'controlling station arranged to cause propagations of controlling waves from said controlling station,circuit closing means for said transmitting circuits controlling by the instrument and totalizing means, means at the transmitting station to receive the controlling waves and thereby operate the ener controlling means and cause effective maintenance of said predetermined ener ratio, a motile receiving station, and integrating means at said receivin station arranged to integrate, the ratio eterminations and thereby afford positional indications in similitude.

13. The combinaton with a plurality of transmitting stations emitting waves of radiant energy, a motile receivi station, means at the receiving station to etermine the ratio of the energies received from the transmitting stations, and integrating means at said receiving station arranged to integrate the radio determinations and thereby afford ositional indications in similitude.

14. I, he combination with a transmittin station emitting waves of radiant energ, o a second .station also emittin waves of radiant energy, the energies emittedby said stations being of efiectively constant ratio, a motile receiving station. and means at the receiving station to determine the ratio of the energiesreceived from the transmitting stations. 1 r

15. The combination with a transinitt' station emitting waves of radiant ene o a second station also emitting waves 0 radi- I ant ener the energies emitted by said stations ing-of efiectively constant ratio, a motile receiving station, means at the receiving station todetermine the ratio of the energies received from this transmitting stations, and integra ti means at said receiving station arran to inte ate the ratio "determinations an thereby a? indications in similitude.

0rd positional 16. In apparatus of the class described, a

similitude board arranged to afford representation in plan of the zone of travel of a motile bod a second similitude board adjacent the rst and arran to indicate altitudes, indicators on each ard representing the motile body, means to move eachindicator in accordance with the movements of the bod and co-ordinating means connecting sai indicators.

17 In apparatus of the class described, a'

similitude board arranged to affordrepresentation in plan of the zone of travel of a motile body, a second similitude board afljacent the first and arranged to indicate tudes, indicators on each board representing the motile body, means to move each indicator in accordance with the movements of the bod and co-ordinating means connecting-sai indicators and including an altitude scalecarried by the indicator on the first board and an index carried by the other indicator and traveling over the scale.

18. In a paratus of the class described a similitude EJ011111 arranged to represent t e field of movement of a motile body, an in dicator movable over aid board, radiant energy means for controllingthe indicator iii and an altitude scale slidable vertically and causing the same to move in similitude to the motions of the body, a speedometer geared to the scale of the similitude board and mounted adjacent the board, and a connection between the indicator and speedometer whereby rate of movement of thebody is indicated by the speedometer. v

I 19. In apparatus of the class described, a similitude board arranged to represent the field of movement of a motile body, an indicator movable over said board, radiant energy means for cont-rolling the indicator and causing the same to move in similitude to the motions of the body, a pair of speedometers mounted at adjacent edges of the board, each geared to the scale of the board, a connection between each speedometer and the indicator whereby rates of movements of the body in two directions are indicated by the speedometers.

20. In apparatus of the class described, a similitude board arranged to indicate altitudes in the movement of a motile body, an indicator movable over said board and representi said body, radiant energy means for contro g the indicator and causing the, same to move in similitude to the horizontal.- and vertical motions of the.body,'a profile stripl representing the variations in a titude f t e surface over which the body moves,

through the indicator and enga the profile stri .whereby to indicate the titude of the b0 y above the surface over which it moves. a

, 21. In apparatus of the class described, a similitude board arranged to represent the field of movement of a motile body,'an indicator movable over said board, radiant energy means for controlling the indicator and causing the same to move in similitude to the motions of the body, and radiant energ signalling means operatively connecte to the indicator and arranged to transmit signals in accordance with the movements of the body as represented by the indicator.

22. In apparatus of the class described, a

similitude board arranged to represent the field of movement of a motile body, an in dicator movable over said board, radiant energy means for controlling the indicator and causing the same to move in similitude to the motlons of the body, and movement limiting meansfor said body including cir-' .cuits arranged to be closed by'movements of the indicator beyond prescribed limits,

and controllin devices for the body ated through I: e closing of I'QSPGOtlVQ .cir-

puits.

In testimon whereof I afiix my si ature. ALTER .W. CON RS.

oper- 

